Trackers for Adverse Events in Child Mental Health: descriptive analysis using the global trigger tool

Abstract The goal of this study is to identify the global trigger tool trackers used to place the adverse drug events presented in children that use psychotropic drugs accompanied by Child-adolescent Psychosocial Care Centers. This is a descriptive study carried out with the secondary data of 112 child care records that began in January 2017 in two Child-adolescent Psychosocial Care Centers. A median of medicine per child was 1.71 and among the most used we were to risperidone 100%, followed by valproic acid and periciazine with 16% each. A total of 42 adverse drug events were found in 36 medical records, being agitation 29.7% and agressive 16.2%, being the most frequent, and in 45.2% of infants presenting only one event. 50 were trackers detected in 83.3%, two records that identified adverse drug events. In 38.8% were found only one tracker, the most found ones were: combination of psychotropic medicines 32%, abrupt reduction of medicine dose 22% and abrupt cessation of medicine 12%. Finally, the present study showed that the global trigger tool evidenced adverse drug events by means of the detection of trackers in children and that it had to offer interventions to improve the quality of psychiatric therapy within two community services.

Analysis of reported adverse liver reactions associated with drugs used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019

Abstract Hepatic injury has been documented in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, pharmacotherapy can frequently impact liver alterations, given the known hepatotoxic potential of drugs not effective to treat COVID-19. The objective of the present study was to evaluate reports of suspected liver reactions to drugs used for treating COVID-19, compare their use for other indications among patients with COVID-19, and assess possible interactions between them. We obtained reports on drugs used to treat COVID-19 (tocilizumab, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and/or lopinavir/ritonavir), registered on June 30, 2020, from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Public Dashboard. We then analyzed the risk of developing liver events with these drugs by calculating the reported odds ratios (ROR). We identified 662, 744, and 1381 reports related to tocilizumab, lopinavir/ ritonavir, and hydroxychloroquine use, respectively. The RORs (95% confidence intervals) were 6.32 (5.28-7.56), 6.12 (5.22-7.17), and 9.07 (8.00-10.29), respectively, demonstrating an increased risk of liver events among patients with COVID-19 when compared with uninfected patients. The elevated risk of reporting adverse liver events in patients with COVID-19 who receive these drugs, alone or in combination, highlights the need for careful drug selection and efforts to reduce drug combinations without notable benefits. Similar to any other condition, the use of drugs without established efficacy should be avoided.

Bleeding associated with self-medication in warfarin users: A prospective observational study in Ijuí (Brazil)

Abstract Warfarin has been associated with bleeding and venous thromboembolism. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the association between bleeding and concomitant self-medication, and the incidence of adverse drug reactions in patients using warfarin. Setting: the public health network of Ijuí, a municipality in southern Brazil. This was an open prospective cohort, conducted for a period of 18 months with users of warfarin, treated at the public health service. The association between bleeding and self-medication was evaluated by means of the Cox Model with left truncation, using the time variable. Main outcome measurement: bleeding reported in the follow-up. Cases of thromboembolism and death were also registered. All patients treated with warfarin in the public health system of the municipality (98) were identified. Sixty-eight were interviewed and followed up, of whom 63 completed follow-up and five died during the study. Bleeding rates of 37.7 /100 patients/year, thromboembolism of 4.8/100 patients / year and deaths of 4.8 /100 patients / year were observed. The results showed that patients, who take warfarin and self-medicated present a two-fold increased bleeding, compared with those who do not self-medicate. The bleeding risk associated with self-medication ranged from 2.001 to 2.685; those values maintained their significance even when adjusted for number of interactions, CYP polymorphism, TTR and age in COX analysis. These results greatly suggest the need for providing greater assistance to patients who take anticoagulant medications with the purpose of reducing self-medication and consequently, adverse reactions.

Adverse events related to oral hormonal contraceptive use in undergraduate pharmacy students: a cross-sectional study

Abstract We aimed to measure the prevalence of adverse events related to oral hormonal contraceptive (OHC) use and their associated factors in undergraduate pharmacy students. A cross-sectional study was conducted by using an online questionnaire for female students of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of São Paulo from July to August 2020. A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out, which was followed by determining the prevalence ratios to identify possible factors associated with adverse events resulting from OHC. A total of 269 valid responses were obtained, among which 50.2% (n = 135) of the students reported using OHC as a contraceptive method and 21.2% (n = 57) affirmed that they had at least one adverse event related to OHC use, which corresponds to 42.2% of those who had used OHC. The most common adverse event was headache (70.2%), and a period of less than one month was the most cited (49.1%). Only migraine comorbidity was associated with the occurrence of adverse events related to OHC. These findings reinforce the high incidence of adverse events among OHC users and the low rate of discontinuation due to these events. There is a need to provide more information on contraceptive methods to users, including its risks and contraindications.

Adverse reactions caused by antimicrobials in hospitalized pediatric patients: causality and avoidability analysis

Abstract In pediatrics, drug therapy is commonly performed through adaptations of the dosage forms to adult use, increasing the risk of adverse drug reactions. In this context, studies assessing the severity and avoidability of the adverse reactions in children, especially those caused by antimicrobials, are still scarce. This work aimed to investigate suspected antimicrobial adverse reactions (ATM-ADRs) in pediatric patients admitted to a public hospital in northeastern Brazil, focusing on causality and avoidability analysis. A cohort study was carried out over a period of six months in a 64-bed pediatric unit. The incidence of suspected adverse reactions caused by antimicrobials was 14.65%. Most reactions were rated as probable (89.13%), with moderate severity (84.78%) and possibly avoidable (45.65%). The analysis indicated that the use of a larger number of medications (p<0.0001) and longer hospital stay (p=0.004) were related to the occurrence of ATM-ADR. Our findings demonstrated that almost half of the suspected reactions could be prevented and that the antimicrobial's clinical management is relevant in this context. Besides, increasingly accurate adverse reaction classification instruments are essential. These results can support the development of therapeutic guidelines addressed to a safe and effective pharmacotherapy in the pediatric area

Descrição do seguimento farmacoterapêutico de pacientes com hanseníase em município hiperendêmico do estado de Mato Grosso / Pharmacotherapy follow-up of patients with leprosy in a hyperendemic city in the state of Mato Grosso

Introdução: A hanseníase é uma doença crônica, infectocontagiosa e considerada um problema de saúde pública no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o seguimento farmacoterapêutico de pacientes com diagnóstico de hanseníase. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, com pacientes com hanseníase multibacilar do município de Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. O seguimento farmacoterapêutico foi realizado a partir de uma versão adaptada do Método Dáder. Para análise de dados aplicou-se a estatística descritiva e o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson.Resultados: Uma frequência de 95,6% dos participantes apresentou problemas relacionados aos medicamentos, 59,1% apresentaram 3 ou mais problemas, os mais frequentes foram administração errada do medicamento e interação medicamento/nutriente. A inefetividade não quantitativa foi o resultado negativo associado ao medicamento mais evidenciado. Os indivíduos acompanhados em um serviço especializado apresentaram menor número de problemas relacionados aos medicamentos quando comparados àqueles da Estratégia Saúde da Família (p = 0,027).Conclusão: A maioria dos pacientes acompanhados apresentou problemas relacionados ao uso de medicamentos. O método Dáder possibilitou realizar o seguimento farmacoterapêutico de indivíduos com hanseníase.

Introduction: Leprosy is a chronic, infectious, and contagious disease considered a public health problem in Brazil. The objective of this study was to describe the pharmacotherapy follow-up of patients diagnosed with leprosy. Methods: We conducted a descriptive study of patients with multibacillary leprosy in the city of Rondonópolis, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Pharmacotherapy follow-up was conducted based on an adapted version of the Dáder method. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-square test. Results: Drug-related problems (DRP) were reported in 95.6% of patients, among whom 59.1% had 3 or more problems DRPs. The most common DRPs were incorrect drug administration and drug-nutrient interaction. Nonquantitative ineffectiveness was the most common drug-related negative outcome. Patients monitored in a leprosy treatment center had fewer DRPs than those monitored by a Family Health Strategy team (p = 0.027). Conclusion: Most patients had DRPs. The Dáder method allowed pharmacotherapy follow-up of patients with leprosy.

Reacciones cutáneas adversas graves en la infancia / Severe adverse skin reactions in the childhood

RESUMEN Las reacciones cutáneas a drogas son cada vez más frecuentes en edades pediátricas, con un alto impacto en la salud de los niños. Pueden manifestarse en formas muy disímiles, desde un exantema transitorio hasta cuadros graves con afectación multisistémica potencialmente fatales. En la presente revisión se hace énfasis en las farmacodermias graves en la infancia, con el objetivo de promover el conocimiento por parte del personal médico para facilitar su diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno. Se desarrolló una búsqueda en la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud de Infomed y en Google: se revisaron 28 trabajos científicos sin limitación de año y país, 24 de ellos pertenecen a los últimos cinco años y de estos 17 a los últimos tres. El dominio de los elementos para el diagnóstico precoz y las opciones terapéuticas son indispensables para elegir la conducta adecuada frente a estas reacciones cutáneas graves y disminuir la morbimortalidad por estas afecciones (AU).

ABSTRACT Skin reactions to drugs are increasingly common at pediatric ages, with a high impact on children's health. They can appear in very dissimilar forms, from a transient rash to serious pictures with potentially fatal multisystem involvement. This review focuses on severe pharmacodermies in the childhood, with the aim of promoting medical staff knowledge to facilitate their timely diagnosis and treatment. A search was led in the Infomed Virtual Health Library and in Google: 28 scientific papers were reviewed without limitation of year and country, 24 of them belong to the last five years and from these 17 to the last three. Mastery of the elements for early diagnosis and therapeutic options are indispensable to choose the appropriate behavior against these serious skin reactions and to decrease morbidity and mortality due to these conditions (AU).

Síndrome de Alicia en el país de las maravillas secundario a consumo de montelukast. Presentación de caso / Alice in wonderland syndrome secondary to medication with montelukast. Case presentation

RESUMEN La condición neurológica definida por la aparición de alteraciones en la percepción, usualmente interpretada como fenómenos extraños de metamorfosis y despersonalización, se reconoce como síndrome de Alicia en el país de las maravillas. Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 9 años de edad, con el diagnóstico de síndrome de Alicia en el país de las maravillas secundario a medicación crónica con montelukast. El diagnóstico del síndrome psiquiátrico se realizó teniendo en consideración los antecedentes patológicos personales y el examen físico. El síndrome de Alicia en el país de las maravillas tiene un carácter benigno, sumamente infrecuente, y aunque su etiología no es del todo conocida, su aparición como reacción adversa a medicamentos es una opción que debe ser siempre considerada por el médico actuante (AU).

ABSTRACT The neurological condition defined by the appearance of alterations in perception usually interpreted as strange phenomena of metamorphosis and depersonalization is recognized as Alice in wonderland syndrome. The case of a 9-year-old female patient is presented, with the diagnosis of Alice in Wonderland syndrome secondary to chronic medication with montelukast. The diagnosis of the psychiatric syndrome was made taking into account personal pathological history and physical examination. Alice in Wonderland syndrome has a benign, extremely rare character and although its etiology is not fully known, its appearance, as an adverse reaction to medications, is an option that should always be considered by the acting physician (AU).

Fatores facilitadores e dificultadores da notificação de eventos adversos: revisão integrativa / Factores facilitadores y dificultades en la notificación de eventos adversos: revisión integradora / Facilitating and hindering factors for reporting adverse events: an integrative review

Resumo Objetivo Analisar as evidências disponíveis na literatura acerca dos fatores dificultadores e facilitadores para a notificação de eventos adversos. Métodos Revisão integrativa da literatura, com a questão norteadora embasada no acrônimo PCC (Problema, Conceito e Contexto): quais os fatores facilitadores e dificultadores que interferem na notificação de eventos adversos em serviços de saúde? Utilizou-se as diretrizes The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis como guia para reportar o método de revisão; os critérios de inclusão foram publicações de estudos primários entre 2015 e 2019, nos idiomas português e/ou espanhol e/ou inglês. A busca das publicações ocorreu no mês de março de 2020, na Biblioteca Regional Virtual de Saúde, com a estratégia "erros médicos" OR "erros de medicação" AND "notificação" e na National Library of Medicine e SCOPUS com "risk management" OR "patient safety" AND "mandatory reporting". Resultados Foram encontrados 2195 estudos, dos quais 31 eram elegíveis; após a leitura na íntegra 11 compuseram a amostra final. Os fatores foram agrupados, sendo os facilitadores: apoio institucional aos profissionais; cultura de segurança organizacional; aprimoramento do sistema de notificação e incentivo ao relato voluntário e confidencial. Os dificultadores: falta de recursos materiais/humanos; medo/vergonha; postura institucional punitiva/falta de amparo; falta de estímulo à notificação e lacunas no conhecimento. Conclusão A síntese desses fatores pode ser utilizada para otimizar medidas assistenciais e gerenciais com provimento de recursos materiais, pessoais, capacitação e promoção da cultura de segurança, com vistas ao incentivo a notificação, buscando indicadores fidedignos desses agravos.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar las evidencias disponibles en la literatura acerca de los factores facilitadores y dificultades para la notificación de eventos adversos. Métodos Revisión integradora de la literatura, con la pregunta orientadora basada en el acrónimo PCC (problema, concepto y contexto): ¿Cuáles son los factores facilitadores y las dificultades que interfieren en la notificación de eventos adversos en los servicios de salud? Se utilizaron las directrices The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis como guía para reportar el método de revisión. Los criterios de inclusión fueron publicaciones de estudios primarios entre 2015 y 2019, en idioma portugués, español o inglés. La búsqueda de las publicaciones se llevó a cabo en el mes de marzo de 2020, en la Biblioteca Regional Virtual de Salud, con la estrategia "errores médicos" OR "errores de medicación" AND "notificación" y en la National Library of Medicine y SCOPUS con "risk management" OR "patient safety" AND "mandatory reporting". Resultados Se encontraron 2.195 estudios, de los cuales 31 eran elegibles. Luego de la lectura completa, 11 formaron la muestra final. Los factores fueron agrupados en dos, los facilitadores: apoyo institucional a los profesionales, cultura de seguridad organizacional, mejora del sistema de notificación e incentivo al relato voluntario y confidencial. Y las dificultades: falta de recursos materiales/humanos, miedo/vergüenza, postura institucional punitiva/falta de amparo, falta de estímulo para la notificación y vacíos en el conocimiento. Conclusión La síntesis de estos factores puede utilizarse para optimizar medidas asistenciales y de gestión, proporcionando recursos materiales, personales, capacitación y promoción de la cultura de seguridad, con el fin de incentivar la notificación y buscar indicadores fidedignos de estos agravios.

Abstract Objective To analyze the evidence available in scientific literature about hindering and facilitating factors for adverse event reporting. Methods This is an integrative literature review, with the guiding question based on the acronym PCC (Problem, Concept and Context): which factors facilitate and hinder that interfere with adverse event reporting in health services? The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis was used as a guide to report the review method; inclusion criteria were publications of primary studies between 2015 and 2019, in Brazilian Portuguese and/or Spanish and/or English. Publication search took place in March 2020 at the Virtual Regional Health Library, using "erros médicos" (medical errors) OR "erros de medicação" (medication errors) AND "notificação" (reporting), and in the National Library of Medicine and SCOPUS, using "risk management" OR "safety patient" AND "mandatory reporting". Results A total of 2,195 studies was found, of which 31 were eligible; after reading in full, 11 comprised the final sample. The facilitating factors were grouped, namely: institutional support to professionals; organizational safety culture; reporting system improvement; incentive to voluntary and confidential report. The hindering factors: lack of material/human resources; fear/shame; punitive institutional posture/lack of protection; lack of encouragement to reporting; gaps in knowledge. Conclusion The synthesis of these factors can be used to optimize care and management measures with the provision of material, personal resources, training and promotion of a safety culture, with a view to encouraging reporting, seeking reliable indicators of these injuries.

Neutropenia febril. Análisis de casos en un centro de tercer nivel de atención / Febrile neutropenia. Case analysis in a third level attention center

Introducción: La neutropenia febril es una urgencia infectológica con agentes etiológicos diversos. La causa más frecuente es la postquimioterapia, con una incidencia del 80%en inmunocomprometidos. Requiere el uso de antimicrobianos de amplio espectro, que originan mayores gastos en el sistema de salud. Objetivos: identificar los agentes microbiológicos en pacientes con neutropenia febril internados en el Hospital de la Asociación Médica de Bahía Blanca "Dr.Felipe Glasman" (HAMBB), en el periodo enero-diciembre de 2017; evaluar la sensibilidad y resistencia antimicrobiana; determinar el porcentaje de rédito de los cultivos. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo. Se obtuvieron datos de historias clínicas y de registros informatizados de los pacientes hospitalizados por neutropenia febril. Resultados: Se analizaron 52 episodios de 49 de pacientes. Las patologías de base fueron: tumores sólidos (54%); oncohematológicos (36%); enfermedades no neoplásicas (8%). El episodio febril fue postquimioterapia (48 %): por infección (35%); otras causas (17%). El 31% de los episodios postquimioterapia ocurrieron postratamiento (7-15 días). Los cultivos fueron negativos en el 69%. Se identificaron E.coli (15%); S.aureus (8%), P.aeruginosa (4%); 2% enterobacter (2%); E.faecalis ( 2%). Sensibilidad antibiótica: E.coli sensible a aminoglucósidos y fluoroquinolonas en el 87,5%, con resistencia de 50% para betalactámicos; a betalactámicos+IBL, cefalosporinas de 1° generación y cotrimoxazol (37,5%). S.aureus, E.faecalis, Enterobacter y P. aeruginosa fueron 100% sensibles a los antibióticos testeados. Conclusiones: El mayor porcentaje: bacterias Gram (-); principal agente causal: E. coli; principal agente Gram (+): S. aureus. La mayoría fueron pacientes con tumores sólidos. El 50 % de los episodios fue posterior postquimioterapia. El mayor rédito se obtuvo en hemocultivos. La mayor parte de los gérmenes fueron sensibles a la terapéutica empírica utilizada en nuestro hospital. (AU)

Introduction: Febrile neutropenia is an infectious emergency with diverse etiological agents. The most frequent cause is post-chemotherapy, with an incidence of 80% in immunocompromised patients. It requires the use of broadspectrum antimicrobials, which lead to higher expenses in the health system. Objectives: To identify the microbiological agents in patients with febrile neutropenia admitted to Bahía Blanca Medical Association "Dr. Felipe Glasman " Hospital (HAMBB) in the January-December 2017 period; to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance; to determine the percentage of positive cultures. Materials and Methods: Retrospective, descriptive study. Data from medical records and computerized records of patients hospitalized for febrile neutropenia were obtained. Results: 52 episodes from 49 patients were analyzed. Underlying pathologies were: solid tumors (54%); oncohaematological (36%); non-neoplastic diseases (8%). The febrile episode was postchemotherapy (48%); due to infection (35%); other causes (17%). Thirty one per cent (31%) of post-chemotherapy episodes occurred after treatment (7-15 days). Cultures were negative in 69% of the cases. We could identify E.coli (15%); S.aureus (8%), P. aeruginosa (4%); 2% enterobacter (2%); E.faecalis (2%). Antibiotic susceptibility: E.coli sensitive to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones in 87.5%, with 50% resistance to betalactams; to beta-lactamases + IBL, 1st generation cephalosporins and cotrimoxazole (37.5%). S.aureus, E.faecalis, Enterobacter and P. aeruginosa were 100% susceptible to the antibiotics tested. Conclusions: The highest percentage: Gram bacteria (-); main causal agent: E. coli; Main agent Gram (+): S. aureus. The majority were patients with solid tumors. 50% of the episodes were post-chemotherapy. The occurrence was obtained in blood cultures. Most germs were susceptible to the empirical therapy used in our hospital. (AU)

Medicamentos e sua relação com o desenvolvimento de lesão por pressão em idosos hospitalizados / Medicines and its relation to the development of pressure injury in hospitalized-elderly people / Medicamentos y su relación con la presión de desarrollo de lesiones en ancianos hospitalizados

Objetivo: identificar os tipos de medicamentos mais utilizados por idosos hospitalizados e relacioná-los com o risco de desenvolvimento de lesão por pressão. Método: estudo descritivo e documental, realizado em um hospital de referência em traumas de Fortaleza, Ceará. A amostra constituiu-se por 48 prontuários e a coleta de dados ocorreu no período de agosto de 2015 a fevereiro de 2016. Resultados: ocorreu a análise dos 48 prontuários de pacientes idosos acamados que se encontravam internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e enfermaria. A média de idade desses idosos foi de 75 anos com presença de 54,2% do sexo masculino e 45,8% do sexo feminino. Desse total, os fármacos que mais apareceram e tem relação com o desenvolvimento da lesão são: os anti-hipertensivos, analgésicos, diuréticos, drogas vasoativas e antibiótico. Conclusão: os tipos de medicamentos mais utilizados nos idosos deste estudo estavam diretamente relacionados às alterações no sistema circulatório do idoso

Objective: the study's main purpose has been to identify the types of medication most used by hospitalized-elderly people, while relating them to the risk of developing pressure injury. Method: it is a descriptive and documental study, which was performed in a trauma referral hospital from the Fortaleza city, Ceará State. The sample consisted of 48 medical records and the data collection took place from August 2015 to February 2016. Results: through the analysis of 48 medical records from elderly patients hospitalized in both Intensive Care Unit and ward, the following results were found: the average age of those elderly individuals was 75 years old, with 54.2% being males and 45.8% being females. Bearing in mind the total, the drugs that appeared the most and were also related to the development of pressure injury were as follows: antihypertensives, analgesics, diuretics, vasoactive drugs and antibiotics. Conclusion: the types of medication most used by the elderly patients addressed in this study were directly related to alterations in their circulatory system

Objetivo: identificar los tipos de medicamentos más utilizados por ancianos hospitalizados y relacionarlos con el riesgo de desarrollo de lesión por presión. Método: estudio descriptivo y documental, realizado en un hospital de referencia en traumas de Fortaleza, Ceará. La muestra se constituyó por 48 prontuarios y la recolección de datos ocurrió en el período de agosto de 2015 a febrero de 2016. Resultados: ocurrió el análisis de los 48 prontuarios de pacientes ancianos acamados que se encontraban internados en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva y enfermería. El promedio de edad de estos ancianos fue de 75 años con presencia de 54,2% del sexo masculino y el 45,8% del sexo femenino. De ese total, los fármacos que más aparecieron y tienen relación con el desarrollo de la lesión son: los antihipertensivos, analgésicos, diuréticos, drogas vasoactivas y antibiótico. Conclusión: los tipos de medicamentos más utilizados en los ancianos de este estudio estaban directamente relacionados a las alteraciones en el sistema circulatorio del anciano

Medicamentos en pacientes con riesgo quirúrgico y su repercusión en Estomatología / Medicine use in surgery risk patients and repercussion in Dentistry

RESUMEN • Introducción: Con el envejecimiento creciente de la población, la práctica estomatológica exige la utilización del conocimiento para identificar y tratar pacientes con enfermedades sistémicas cada vez más frecuentes, lo cual puede requerir el uso de medicamentos capaces de interactuar con el tratamiento farmacológico de su enfermedad de base. La literatura refleja esta relación de manera fragmentada y carente de un enfoque sistémico. Objetivo: Identificar en la literatura el uso de medicamentos en pacientes con riesgo quirúrgico y describir su repercusión durante el tratamiento estomatológico. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y se consultaron artículos científicos, tesis de titulación de especialistas, maestrías y doctorales entre otras referencias principalmente de los últimos 5 años mediante Google. Desarrollo: Se abordan las generalidades, manejo estomatológico y las interacciones medicamentosas de cada una de las enfermedades a estudiar (Diabetes Mellitus, hipertensión arterial y cardiopatía), así como las situaciones que requieren profilaxis antibiótica. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con riesgo quirúrgico utilizan medicamentos que producen interacciones importantes con fármacos como AINES, anestésicos locales y glucocorticoides que habitualmente se emplean en los tratamientos estomatológicos; existen además enfermedades sistémicas en las cuales hay que tener en cuenta la profilaxis antibiótica antes de realizar determinados procederes estomatológicos.

ABSTRACT • Introduction: With the growing of population aging, the dental practice requires the adequate knowledge to identify and treat patients with increasingly frequent systemic diseases, which may require the use of drugs capable of interacting with the pharmacological treatment of their underlying diseases. The literature reflects this relationship in a fragmented manner and lacking a systemic approach. Objective: To identify the drugs used in risk patients undergoing surgery and describe their repercussion during dental treatment. Material and Method: A bibliographic review was carried out. Scientific articles, specialists´ theses, Master´s and PhD degrees among other references were consulted, mainly the ones obtained from the search carried out in Google during the last 5 years. Results: The generalities, dental management and drug interactions between the diseases studied (diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and heart disease) were addressed, as well as the situations that require antibiotic prophylaxis. Conclusions: The surgical risk patients studied use drugs that produce important interactions with drugs such as NSAIDs, local anesthetics and glucocorticoids that are usually used in dental treatments. There are also systemic diseases in which antibiotic prophylaxis must be taken into account before performing certain dental procedures.

Peculiaridades del síndrome confusional agudo en el anciano / Peculiarities of the acute confusional syndrome in the elderly

El síndrome confusional agudo resulta una manifestación clínica frecuente de las enfermedades agudas o de la toxicidad por fármacos en el anciano, con elevadas morbilidad y mortalidad. Este se origina por discapacidad funcional y se caracteriza por un cambio agudo y fluctuante en el estado mental, con desatención y niveles de conciencia alterados por un periodo inferior a 3 meses, aunque puede prolongarse más tiempo. Se le considera una urgencia médica de causa orgánica demostrable y potencialmente reversible, con un diagnóstico eminentemente clínico. En la presente investigación se describe cómo se manifiesta la confusión aguda en los ancianos, cuáles son los factores predisponentes y desencadenantes en su aparición y cuál tratamiento puede ser adecuado si se diagnostica el cuadro clínico y sus factores causales de manera oportuna

The acute confusional syndrome is a frequent clinical feature of acute diseases or drug toxicity in elderly, with high morbidity and mortality. This originates due to functional disability and is characterized by an acute and fluctuating change in the mental state, with inattentiveness and altered conscience levels during less than 3 months, although it can be prolonged for longer time. It is considered a medical emergency of demonstrable and potentially reversible organic cause, with an essentially clinical diagnosis. In this investigation it is described how the acute confusion is manifested in elderly, which are the predisposing and triggering factors in its emergence and which treatment can be adequate if the clinical pattern and its causal factors are diagnosed in an appropriate way

Variables clínicas, de laboratorio e histopatológicas en Síndrome de hipersensibilidad o erupción por drogas con eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos (DRESS) / Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS)

INTRODUCCIÓN: La reacción a drogas con eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos (DRESS) es una rara enfermedad que puede ser letal. OBJETIVOS: Describir los hallazgos clínicos, de laboratorio e histopatológicos en pacientes con DRESS. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de fichas clínicas de pacientes con DRESS entre los años 2007 y 2017 con score regiSCAR mayor o igual a caso probable. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 24 pacientes: 14 fueron mujeres (58,3%), 2 tuvieron enfermedad autoinmune (8,3%), la edad promedio fue 45,04 años DS 17,2 (16-78). Los medicamentos frecuentemente implicados fueron Lamotrigina (33,3%) y Carbamazepina (20,8%). La latencia fue 28 días DS 17,7 (10-90). La clínica más frecuente fue prurito 87,5%, fiebre 75%, edema facial 62,5% y adenopatías 45,8%. En laboratorio lo más alterado fueron pruebas hepáticas (70,8%) y eosinofilia (45,8%). 11 pacientes (45,8%) presentaron eosinófilos en la histopatología y 21 pacientes (87,5%) fueron tratados con corticoides. La mortalidad fue 11,1% (2 pacientes, por causas distintas a DRESS). DISCUSIÓN: DRESS es una reacción adversa a medicamentos severa con variados hallazgos clínicos y analíticos que requieren de su conocimiento para no retrasar el diagnóstico y su tratamiento.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is a rare disease that can be lethal. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical, laboratory and histopathological findings in patients with DRESS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of clinical records of patients with DRESS between 2007 and 2017 with RegiSCAR score greater than or equal to probable case. RESULTS: 24 patients were studied: 14 were women (58.3%), 2 had autoimmune diseases (8.3%), the average age was 45.04 ± 17.2 years (16-78). The medications frequently implicated were Lamotrigine (33.3%) and Carbamazepine (20.8%). The latency was 28 ± 17.7 days (10-90). The most frequent symptoms were 87.5% pruritus, fever 75%, facial edema 62.5% and lymphadenopathies 45.8%. In the laboratory, the most disturbed were liver tests (70.8%) and eosinophilia (45.8%). 11 patients (45.8%) presented eosino-phils in histopathology and 21 patients (87.5%) were treated with corticosteroids. Mortality was 11.1% (2 patients) due to other causes than DRESS. DISCUSSION: DRESS is an adverse reaction to severe medications with a varied clinical and la-boratory finding, requiring knowledge in order to not to delay diagnosis and treatment.Key words: DRESS; Eosinophilia; ADR, Drug rash

Estudo da prevalência de competições terapêuticas entre idosos com multimorbidades do estudo SABE (Saúde, Bem-estar e Envelhecimento) / Therapeutic competition in community-living elderly with multimorbidity (Health, Well-being and Aging - SABE study)

O envelhecimento da população implica em aumento da prevalência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) e uso de polifarmácia (uso de 5 ou mais medicamentos concomitantemente). Porém, o uso de medicamentos pode ter um efeito negativo em pacientes com multimorbidade. Entende-se como competição terapêutica (CT) a interação medicamento-doença em que o tratamento recomendado para certa condição pode alterar negativamente (competir com) outra condição coexistente. Neste âmbito, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estimar a prevalência de CT e avaliar características associadas à CT em idosos da comunidade. O presente estudo usou como base o estudo populacional de idosos do município de São Paulo: Estudo Saúde, Bem-estar e Envelhecimento, onda 2015. As CTs foram definidas a partir de guias de prática clínica (GPCs) com alta qualidade, selecionados a partir de revisão sistemática e avaliação da qualidade. Somente cerca de um quarto dos GPC apresentaram alta qualidade e foram usados para extração das CTs. A média de idade dos 1.224 idosos do SABE foi 70,8, 56,2% eram mulheres, 84% viviam acompanhados, 27,5% estudaram 9 anos e mais, quase 50% declararam renda insuficiente para cobrir com as despesas diárias, metade autoavaliaram a saúde como regular ou ruim, cerca de 40% relataram polifarmácia. Estatinas, inibidores da enzima de recaptação de angiotensina e inibidores da bomba de próton foram as classes de medicamentos mais relatadas. Multimorbidade foi reportada por 61,7% dos idosos. A prevalência de CT foi de 13,2%. Entre idosos com multimorbidade, a prevalência de CT foi de 21,4%. No modelo final de regressão logística, CT foi associada com polifarmácia (OR: 4,70; IC 95% 3,00 7,36), hospitalização no último ano (OR: 1,75; IC 95% 1,07 2,87), queda no último ano (OR: 1,57; IC 95% 1,04 2,36) e pior autoavaliação de saúde (OR: 1,92; IC 95% 1,23 2,99). Profissionais de saúde devem ter cautela ao selecionar GPC e ao prescrever medicamentos a idosos com multimorbidade

Aging implies in an increasing prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and polypharmacy use (use of 5 or more medications concomitantly). However, medications may have a negative effect on patients with multimorbidity. Therapeutic competition (TC) is known as a drug-disease interaction in which the treatment recommended for a certain condition can negatively alter (compete with) another coexisting condition. In this context, the main objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of TC and evaluate characteristics associated with TC in community dwelling older adults. The present study used the population-based study of older adults living in the city of São Paulo (SABE study, 2015 survey). TCs were identified by using clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) with high quality. A systematic review and critical appraisal of CPGs were conducted to identify high-quality CPGs. Only about a quarter of CPGs were of high quality and were used for CT extraction. A total of 80 CTs were identified from the high-quality CPGs. The mean age of the 1,224 SABE participants was 70.8, 56.2% were women, 84% did not live alone, 27.5% studied 9 years and over, almost 50% declared insufficient income to cover daily expenses, half self-assessed health, such as regular or poor, about 40% reported polypharmacy. Statins, angiotensin-reuptake enzyme inhibitors and proton pump inhibitors were the most commonly reported drug classes. Multimorbidity was reported by 61.7% seniors. The prevalence of TC was 13.2%. Among seniors with multimorbidity, the prevalence of TC was 21.4%. In the final logistic regression model, TC was associated with polypharmacy (OR: 4.70, 95% CI 3.00 - 7.36), hospitalization in the last year (OR: 1.75, 95% CI 1.07-2 , 95% CI 1.04 - 2.36) and worse health self - assessment (OR: 1.92, 95% CI 1.23 - 2.99), a decrease in the last year (OR: 1.57; Health professionals should be careful when selecting CPGs and prescribing medications to older adults with multimorbidity

Primer reporte de necrólisis epidérmica tóxica por antibiótico oral en Gambia / First report of toxic epidermal necrolysis due to oral antibiotic in Gambia

Las reacciones adversas medicamentosas más frecuentes son las cutáneas, ocurriendo en un 2% de los tratamientos. La mayoría de las veces se alcanza el diagnóstico por exclusión. La más temida es la necrólisis epidérmica tóxica, de la que se presentan anualmente hasta 4 casos por millón de habitantes, con una mortalidad que alcanza en ocasiones hasta el 70 %. El objetivo fue presentar un paciente con necrólisis epidérmica tóxica por lo infrecuente de esta enfermedad, su alta mortalidad y su evolución clínica característica. Paciente gambiano, de 29 años de edad, con antecedentes de salud, que después de comenzar tratamiento ambulatorio con antibiótico oral para una piodermitis facial, presentó lesiones ampollares que se extendieron por todo el cuerpo. El paciente llevó tratamiento de sostén, esteroideo oral, antibiótico de amplio espectro oral, parenteral y tópico; después de una evolución desfavorable de 30 días, fallece. Resultó llamativa la ausencia de lesiones mucosas a pesar de la extensión total de las lesiones cutáneas. Fue difícil el manejo de este paciente en un hospital de periferia sin el arsenal terapéutico adecuado, ni la unidad idónea para su cuidado (AU).

The most frequent drug adverse reactions are the skin ones, occurring in 2 % of the treatments; most of the times the diagnosis is reached by exclusion. The most feared one is the toxic epidermal necrolysis, presenting yearly up to 4 cases per million of inhabitants with a mortality occasionally reaching 70 %. The objective was presenting the case of a patient with toxic epidermal necrolysis because of the rarity of this disease, its high mortality and characteristic clinical evolution. The patient was a Gambian aged 29 years, with health antecedents, who after beginning an outpatient treatment with oral antibiotic for a facial pyodermitis, presented bullous lesions extended throughout all the body. The patient received support treatment, oral steroidal treatment and oral, parenteral and topic treatment with a wide spectrum antibiotic; after a 30-days unfavorable evolution, he died. It was thought-provoking the absence of mucous lesions in spite of the total extension of the skin lesions. It was difficult the management of this patient in a peripheral hospital without the adequate therapeutic arsenal nor the suitable unit for his care (AU).

Conocimiento del manejo práctico de fármacos en Enfermería. Servicio de reanimación neonatal. Hospital Ginecobstétrico Guanabacoa / Knowledge about practical management of drugs in Nursing. Neonatal resuscitation service. Gynecological and Obstetric Hospital of Guanabacoa

Introducción: El período de nacimiento es una etapa muy vulnerable a cambios, donde en ocasiones es imperiosa la utilización de fármacos para la estabilización. Objetivo: Evaluar la preparación del enfermero que asiste los nacimientos sobre el uso de fármacos. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, aplicando encuesta previamente validada a enfermeros que asistieron los nacimientos de enero-diciembre 2015 en el Hospital Ginecobstétrico de Guanabacoa. La muestra quedó compuesta por 24 enfermeros que se encontraban laborando físicamente en el centro en igual período de tiempo y lugar. Se analizaron variables relacionadas con afecciones asociadas al manejo de fármacos, así como medicamentos utilizados en el servicio investigado, administración y reacciones adversas de los mismos. Resultados: El 62.5 por ciento no asoció las alteraciones respiratorias a la posibilidad de administración de fármacos, la mayoría conoció los medicamentos que se utilizaron en el servicio investigado y dominaron la administración de los mismos, no así sus reacciones adversas. Conclusiones: La preparación del enfermero que asistió los nacimientos tuvo brechas sobre el uso de fármacos relacionados con las reacciones adversas de los mismos y las afecciones asociadas a su administración(AU)

Introduction: The birth period is a stage which is very vulnerable to changes where, occasionally, the use of drugs is imperative on stabilization. Objective: To assess the nurses´ training in the use of drugs during birth care. Material and methods:A descriptive retrospective study was conducted based on a previously validated questionnaire applied to nurses that cared for births in the Gynecological and Obstetric Hospital of Guanabacoa during the time period January- December 2015. The sample was composed of 24 nurses who were working in the center in the same place and time period. Variables related to conditions associated to the management of drugs were analyzed, as well as the drugs used in the service investigated, their administration, and adverse reactions. Results:The 62.5 percent of them did not associate respiratory disturbances to the possibility of drug administration; most of them knew about the drugs that were used in the service investigated and had a good knowledge of their administration, but not about the adverse reactions. Conclusions: A gap was observed in the training of nurses that cared for births with regard to the use of drugs and their adverse reactions, as well as the conditions associated to their administration(AU)

Análise da ocorrência de evento adverso pós-vacinação decorrente de erro de imunização / Análisis de la ocurrencia de eventos adversos posvacunales debido a errores de inmunización / Analysis of adverse events following immunization caused by immunization errors

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a ocorrência de Evento Adverso Pós-Vacinação (EAPV) decorrente de erro de imunização, no Paraná, de 2003 a 2013. Método: pesquisa descritiva documental, retrospectiva, quantitativa, utilizando dados secundários do Sistema de Informação de Evento Adverso Pós-Vacinação e do Sistema de Avaliação do Programa de Imunizações. Foram incluídos casos confirmados e/ou associados a outras vacinas. Para análise foram estimadas frequências, taxas de incidência e utilizados Modelos de Regressão Linear Simples com teste t-Student. Resultados: observou-se aumento da notificação de EAPV decorrente de erro de imunização, principalmente abscesso subcutâneo quente. BCG foi a vacina com maior incidência de eventos adversos, sendo que os menores de um ano, os mais atingidos. Conclusão: o cenário atual é preocupante, pois são EAPV evitáveis - que causam danos, ligados a prática da enfermagem, decorrentes de desvios da qualidade em vacinação - que podem interferir na confiança da população (reduzindo coberturas vacinais) e no controle de doenças imunopreveníveis.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la ocurrencia de Eventos Adversos Posvacunales (EAPV) debido a errores de inmunización, en Paraná, de 2003 a 2013. Método: investigación descriptiva documental, retrospectiva, cuantitativa, utilizando datos secundarios del Sistema de Información de Eventos Adversos Posvacunales y del Sistema de Evaluación del Programa de Inmunizaciones. Se incluyeron casos confirmados y/o asociados con otras vacunas. Para el análisis, se estimaron frecuencias, tasas de incidencia y se utilizaron Modelos de Regresión Lineal Simple con prueba t-Student. Resultados: se observó un aumento de la notificación de EAPV debido a errores de inmunización, principalmente abscesos subcutáneos calientes. BCG fue la vacuna con mayor incidencia de eventos adversos, siendo los menores de un año el grupo más afectado. Conclusión: la situación actual es preocupante, ya que son EAPV prevenibles - que causan daños, vinculados a la práctica de enfermería, resultantes de las desviaciones de la calidad en la vacunación - que pueden afectar la confianza de la población (reduciendo las coberturas de vacunación) y el control de enfermedades inmunoprevenibles.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze adverse events following immunization (AEFI) caused by immunization error in the state of Paraná, Brazil, from 2003 to 2013. Method: this is a descriptive, documental, retrospective, and quantitative research using secondary data from the Adverse Event Following Immunization Information System and the Immunization Program Evaluation System. We included cases confirmed and/or associated with different types of vaccines. For the analysis, we collected frequencies and incidence rates, and used simple linear regression models with Student's t-test. Results: it was observed an AEFI increase due to immunization errors, especially hot subcutaneous abscesses. BCG vaccine had the highest incidence of adverse events and children under one year old were the most affected individuals. Conclusion: the current scenario is worrisome because these are preventable AEFI - injuring patients due to bad vaccination practices - that may undermine the population's confidence, reducing immunization coverage, and the progress in the control of vaccine-preventable diseases.

Adverse reactions to antiretroviral therapy: a prevalent concern / Las reacciones adversas al tratamiento antirretroviral: una preocupación frecuente / Reações adversas à terapia antirretroviral: uma preocupação frequente

ABSTRACT The risk-benefit ratio of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is usually considered favorable due to the urgent need to control the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Current studies have shown that combined ART (two or more drugs, from two different classes) is the most effective, with benefits that go beyond clinical management of the disease playing a crucial role in preventing HIV transmission. Therefore, early identification of HIV infection followed by immediate initiation of ART has been encouraged worldwide. However, the success of this strategy has been threatened by poor engagement of patients in HIV care, which may be related to drug harms. In addition, ART is required for the life course, creating the potential for adverse drug reactions (e.g., lipodystrophies). Therefore, adverse drug reactions are a prevalent concern among people living with HIV/AIDS, even in the current era of early initiation of ART ("early ART"), with most drugs considered much safer than those used in previous eras. Accurate diagnosis, recording, and reporting, followed up with proper management and prevention, and intensive surveillance, of new and known adverse reactions to ART, should be strongly encouraged as part of the care continuum.

RESUMEN La relación entre los riesgos y beneficios del tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR) generalmente se considera favorable debido a la urgente necesidad de controlar la epidemia de VIH/SIDA. Los estudios actuales han revelado que la politerapia antirretrovírica (dos o más medicamentos de dos clases diferentes) es la más eficaz porque no solo trata la enfermedad, sino que tiene una función crucial como método preventivo de la transmisión del VIH. Por consiguiente, en todo el mundo se ha promovido el diagnóstico temprano de la infección por el VIH seguido del inicio inmediato del TAR. Sin embargo, la efectividad de esta estrategia ha sido comprometida por la baja retención de pacientes en los servicios de salud, que puede estar asociada a seguridad en el uso de los medicamentos. Además, dado que estos pacientes deben recibir TAR durante toda la vida, aumenta la probabilidad de que presenten reacciones adversas a los medicamentos (por ejemplo, lipodistrofias). De esta forma, las reacciones adversas a los antirretrovirales se tornaron una constante preocupación, incluso en la era actual de inicio precoz de la TAR, en que los medicamentos son considerados más seguros que aquellos utilizados en el pasado. El diagnóstico preciso, registro y notificación de las reacciones adversas, seguidos de manejo y prevención adecuados, y vigilancia intensiva para detectar reacciones adversas (nuevas y conocidas) deben ser fuertemente recomendadas como parte de la cascada del cuidado continuado.

RESUMO A relação risco-benefício da terapia antirretroviral (TARV) é considerada favorável devido à urgente necessidade de controlar a epidemia de HIV/aids. Estudos recentes demonstram que a TARV combinada (dois ou mais medicamentos de duas classes distintas) é altamente efetiva, apresentando benefícios que ultrapassam o objetivo do manejo clínico da doença, pois contribui de forma significativa para a prevenção da transmissão do HIV. Recomenda-se, portanto, o diagnóstico precoce da infecção pelo HIV e o início imediato da TARV em todo o mundo. Todavia, a efetividade dessa estratégia tem sido comprometida pela baixa retenção de pacientes nos serviços de saúde, que pode estar associada à segurança no uso dos medicamentos. Além disso, o uso da TARV se faz necessário por toda a vida, o que possibilita a ocorrência de reações adversas (como lipodistrofias). Dessa forma, as reações adversas aos antirretrovirais se tornaram uma constante preocupação, mesmo na era atual de início precoce da TARV, em que os medicamentos são considerados mais seguros do que aqueles utilizados no passado. O diagnóstico preciso, o registro e a notificação das reações adversas, acompanhados de tratamento e prevenção adequados, além de intensiva vigilância para detecção de reações adversas (novas e conhecidas) devem ser fortemente recomendadas como parte da cascata do cuidado contínuo.

Triagem nutricional pelo Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) no paciente oncológico em quimioterapia / Nutritional risk by Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) in patients undergoing chemotherapy

Introdução: A quimioterapia contribui para a redução da ingestão alimentar e maior perda de peso, devido ao aparecimento de sintomas gastrointestinais, o que, consequentemente, pode levar à desnutrição. Objetivo: Identificar o risco nutricional, pelo Ferramenta Universal de Triagem para Desnutrição - Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), em pacientes com câncer submetidos à quimioterapia. Método: Estudo do tipo transversal envolvendo pacientes ambulatoriais do serviço de quimioterapia do Hospital de Câncer de Pernambuco, de outubro de 2014 a maio de 2015. Foram avaliadas características sociodemográficas, estilo de vida (fumo, álcool e atividade física), variáveis antropométricas (peso e índice de massa corporal-IMC), comorbidades (hipertensão e diabetes), tipo de neoplasia, tempo de diagnóstico e de tratamento. O risco nutricional foi avaliado utilizando-se a Ferramenta Universal de Triagem para Desnutrição (MUST), que classifica o paciente em baixo, médio e alto risco nutricional. Resultados: Foram estudados 150 pacientes, sendo a maioria mulheres (81,3%), adultos (64,7%), e com faixa etária de 40-59 anos (49,3%). A neoplasia mais frequente foi o câncer de mama (52%). O risco nutricional foi verificado em 42% da amostra, sendo 28% de alto risco. Foi significativamente maior nos idosos (54,7%), com predominância do alto risco, enquanto nos adultos o risco foi verificado em 35% dos pacientes. Conclusões: Muitos pacientes em quimioterapia foram identificados em risco nutricional por meio da triagem MUST. Sugere-se a comparação da MUST com a Avaliação Subjetiva Global Produzida pelo Próprio Paciente (ASG-PPP), para identificar o método que melhor traduz o risco nutricional nesta população.(AU)

Introduction: Chemotherapy contributes to the reduction of food intake and increased weight loss due to the appearance of gastrointestinal symptoms, which consequently leads to malnutrition. Objective: To identify nutritional risk through the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), in patients with cancer submitted to chemotherapy. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted between October 2014 and May 2015 with outpatients of the chemotherapy service at the Pernambuco Cancer Hospital (Brazil). Socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle (tobacco, alcohol and physical activity), anthropometric variables (habitual weight, current weight and body mass index), comorbidities (hypertension and diabetes), type of neoplasm, time since diagnosis and duration of treatment were evaluated. Nutritional risk was evaluated using the MUST, which classifies patients as having low, moderate or high nutritional risk. Results: One hundred fifty patients were studied. Most were women (81.3%), adults (64.7%) and in the 40-to-59-year-old age group (49.3%). The most common neoplasm was breast cancer (52%). Nutritional risk was found in 42% of the sample, with 28% at high risk. Risk was significantly higher among older adults (54.7%), with a predominance of high risk, whereas the prevalence of risk among adults was 35%. Conclusions: Many patients in chemotherapy were identified as being at nutritional risk using the MUST. It is suggested that the MUST and the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment be used to identify the method that better translates nutritional risk in this population.(AU)